*Dr. Dale R. Jordan, in his ground-breaking book Dyslexia in the Classroom, goes on to say that "most visual dyslexics see certain letters backward and upside down.... Not only do they perceive individual letters incorrectly, but they also see parts of words in reverse. ... children with visual dyslexia do not master language symbols, and they do not perceive left to right and top to bottom."
Dr. Jordan later mentions that "occasionally totally inverted perception is seen by clinicians. Such individuals read exactly upside down, perceiving symbols at 180 degrees rotation from "normal". Because these students are usually capable readers , their upside-down orientation is not often discovered in the classroom."
In 1999, my first year in public education, I encountered my first "upside down" reader. Not having discovered Dr. Jordan's book, and being unable to find other information about upside down reading, I believed this boy was "one-in-a-million". Never did I imagine that, 9 years later I would have two Print Inverted boys in my 1st grade class! Then, the following year, I had FIVE UPSIDE DOWN READERS in one class. Luckily, I found Dr. Jordan's book and began video-taping my work.....
*Jordan, Dale R. "Dyslexia in the Classroom". Charles E Merrill Publishing Co., 1970.
NOTE The e-book version of Dyslexia in the Classroom is now available for Kindle on Amazon: